Minerals and Madness: Magnesium Deficiency and the Western Epidemic of Mental Illness

What if there were a substance said to prevent, cure or ameliorate schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, Tourette's syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, anxiety disorder, geriatric cachexia and memory loss, ischemic heart disease, hypertension, insulin resistance, and osteoporosis, while increasing life expectancy and lowering the risk of stroke?

What would you call it?

A wonder drug?

Or a scam?

Little is known about the cause of most of the diseases listed, but each must have a distinct and complex aetiology.

So how could one substance cure all?

Well, what if there is a widespread deficiency of an essential nutrient with many biochemical functions? Then enhancing the supply of that one substance should cure a wide array of distinct diseases.

Magnesium may be that nutrient.

Half of all Americans are believed to have a dietary magnesium intake that falls short of the estimated average daily requirement for good health.

How can that be?

The reason is complex. In part it reflects changes in eating habits, from a reliance on mostly unprocessed dietary staples including cereals, fresh fruit and vegetables, plus milk, meat and eggs from free-range animals, to increasing dependence on processed food, high in cheap calorie-rich, mineral-poor commodities such as corn starch and fructose syrup, supplemented by highly flavored fast food rich in fats and factory-farmed meat from animals fed on the cheapest available commodities.

Perhaps even more important in accounting for widespread magnesium deficiency is the documented decline in the mineral content of fruit and vegetables produced under intensive agricultural regimes. Two factors responsible for this decline in quality are:

First, maximization of crop yield through fertilization with nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus, which results in reductions of up to 40% in the content of other minerals in the harvested crop.

Second, yield improvement through genetic modification of crops that results in measurable declines in mineral and protein content of both vegetables and cereals.

In addition, the adoption of irrigation to enhance crop yield can leach the soil of minerals essential to human nutrition, thereby reducing the content of these minerals in food crops.

Yet another cause of deteriorating mineral nutrition is urbanization. Rural populations are largely reliant for drinking water on ground water drawn from wells. Such waters are generally much richer in dissolved minerals than the lakes or rivers from which most urban water supplies are drawn. Moreover, where urban water supplies are from groundwater rich in minerals, the minerals are normally removed to prevent scaling of pipes.

The risk of magnesium deficiency is further increased by a rising trend in consumption of calcium. Most are aware that calcium is essential for strong bones and that milk is an excellent source of dietary calcium. Consistent with this understanding, the quantity of milk and milk products in Western diets has increased over recent decades. But what few understand is that, within the cell, calcium acts as a magnesium antagonist, which means that even with an otherwise adequate supply, a physiological deficiency of magnesium may arise through excess consumption of calcium.

So what does magnesium do?

Magnesium is the second most abundant intracellular mineral. It has over three hundred known biochemical functions. It is a co-factor in several hundred enzyme-catalyzed reactions. It is required in energy metabolism, being complexed with ATP the energy carrying molecule. It is required in the synthesis of nucleic acids, and it plays multiple roles in the regulation of both the central and peripheral nervous systems.

The increasing prevalence of magnesium deficiency, either absolute or induced by excess calcium consumption, provides a recipe for widespread mental and physical debilitation.

Does this explain why one in four American adults is diagnosed with a mental illness in any year? Does it explain why Europeans are even crazier than Americans with 27% of those between the ages of 18 and 65 having been diagnosed with a mental illness in the last year? And does it explain why, depending on age, between 10 and 87% of the American population is suffering from cardiovascular disease?

I leave it to you to draw your own conclusions. For your further consideration, here are links to some of the many studies on magnesium and disease:

Aging

Billard, J-M. 2006. Ageing, hippocampal synaptic activity and magnesium. JL Eurotext

Caddell, J.L.: 2000. Geriatric cachexia: a role for magnesium deficiency as well as for cytokines? Am. J. Clin. Nutr.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
http://www.drhoffman.com/page.cfm/609

Bipolar Disorder
Chouinard, G. et al. 1990. A pilot study of magnesium aspartate hydrochloride (Magnesiocard®) as a mood stabilizer for rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder patients. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharm. Biol. Psych.

Brain trauma
Hoane, M.J. 2007. Assessment of cognitive function following magnesium therapy in the traumatically injured brain. Magnesium Res. 20:229–236.

Davies, D.R. 2009. Declining fruit and vegetable nutrient composition. What is the evidence? HortScience 44:15-44.

Rosanov, A. 2010. Rising Ca:Mg intake ratio from food in USA Adults: a concern? Magnesium Res. 23:S181-S193.

Galland, L. 1991. Magnesium, stress and neuropsychiatric disorders. Foundation for Integrated Medicine.

Widmer, J. et. al. 1995. Relationship between erythrocyte magnesium, plasma electrolytes and cortisol, and the intensity of symptoms in major depressed patients. J. Affective Disorders.

Widmer, J. 1992. Evolution of Blood Magnesium, Sodium and Potassium in Depresse3d Patients Followed for Three Months. Neurophsychobiology.

Martineau, J. Vitamin B6, magnesium, and combined B6-Mg: Therapeutic effects in childhood autism. Biol. Psychiatry.

Chouinard, G. et al. 1990. A pilot study of magnesium aspartate hydrochloride (Magnesiocard^®) as a mood stabilizer for rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder patients. Prog. Neuropsychopharm. Biol. Psych.

Nechifor. M. 2008. Interactions between magnesium and psychotropic drugs. Magnesium Res.

Australian Gov't. Magnesium and human health.

Seelig, M. 1964. The Requirement of Magnesium by the Normal Adult. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.

Seelig, M. 1997. Consequences of Magnesium Deficiency on the Enhancement of Stress Reactions: Preventive and Therapeutic Implications (A Review). Magnesium Deficiency and Stress.

Depression

Levine, J. et al.: 1999. High serum and cerebrospinal fluid Ca/Mg ratio in recently hospitalized acutely depressed patients. Neuropsychobiology.

Serefko, A. et al. 2013: Magnesium in depression. Pharmacol. Rep. 65:547-554.

Nechifor, M. Magnesium in Psychoses. In Yoshiki Nishizawa et al. (Eds.) New Perspectives in Magnesium Research: Nutrition and Health. Proc. 11th International Magnesium Symposium, Osaka, Japan 22-26, 2006. Springer, e-book.

Epilepsy
Epilepsy therapy project

Fitness

MacDonald, R. and C.L. Keen. 1988. Iron, Zinc and Magnesium Nutrition and Athletic Performance. Sports Med. 5:171.

Heart Disease

Schechter, M.. 2003. Effects of Oral Magnesium Therapy on Exercise Tolerance, Exercise-Induced Chest Pain, and Quality of Life in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease. Am. J. Cardiol. 91:517

Heterogeneous Diseases

Rude, R.K. Magnesium Deficiency: A Cause of Heterogenous Disease in Humans. J. Bone Mineral Res. 13:749.

Hypertension:

Altura, B.M. 1984. Magnesium deficiency and hypertension: correlation between magnesium-deficient diets and microcirculatory changes in situ. Science 223:1315.

Insulin Resistance

Milagros G. Huerta, et al. 2005. Magnesium Deficiency Is Associated With Insulin Resistance in Obese Children. Diabetes Care 28:1175.

Magnesium deficiency Prevalence

Rosanov, A. 2012. Suboptimal magnesium status in the United States: are the health consequences underestimated? Nutr. Rev. 70:153.

Migraine

Mauskop, A. et al. 2005. Deficiency in serum ionized magnesium but not total magnesium in patients with migraines. Clin. Case. Rep.

Nutritional Therapies for Mental Disorders

Lakhan, S.E. and K.F. Viera. 2008: Nutritional therapies for mental disorders. Nutritional J. 7:2.

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Shohag, H. et al.: 2012. Alterations of serum zinc, copper, manganese, iron, calcium, magnesium concentrations and the complexity of interelement relations in patients with obsessive-compuolsive disorder. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 148:275-280.

Schizophrenia

Kirov, GK and KN Tsachev. 1990. Magnesium schizophrenia and manic-depressive disease. Neurophsychobiology.

Schizophrenic and depressed patients had lower plasma magnesium concentrations than healthy controls. Plasma Mg increased on achieving clinical remission in the schizophrenic patients.

Nechifor, M. 2011: Chapter 22. Mangnesium and psychoses, in Magnesium in the Central Nervous System. University of Adelaide Press. (Whole Book Text. PDF format here.)

Changes in plasma and intracellular magnesium found in both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Drug therapy (antipsychotics) significantly raise intracellular magnesium, without changing plasma Mg.

Stroke

Kupetsky-Rincon E.A. Uitto J. 2012. Magnesium: Novel Applications in Cardiovascular Disease – A Review of the Literature. Annals of Nutrition and Medicine Vol. 61, No. 2

Tetany

Seelig, M. et al. 1975. Latent Tetany and Anxiety, Marginal Magnesium Deficit and Normocalcemia. Diseases of the Nervous System. Diseases of the Nervous System.

Galland, L. 1992: Magnesium stress and neuropsychiatric disorders. Magnes. Trace Elem. 10:287-301.

Tourette's Syndrome

Grimaldi, B.L. 2002. The central role of magnesium deficiency in Tourette's syndrome: causal relationships between magnesium deficiency, altered biochemical pathways and symptoms relating to Tourette's syndrome and several reported comorbid conditions. Med. Hypoth.

Would You Like Lithium in Your Drinking Water?

Lithium, which has an atomic weight of
seven, is said to have been included in
the original formula of a popular soft
drink. Hence the name: 7-Up.

By CanSpeccy

From time to time someone provokes outrage by suggesting that lithium be added to public water supplies (and here).

The rational for this proposal is that lithium in very small amounts appears to have many public health and social benefits including better mental health and less crime.

Studies in Texas, central Japan and throughout Austria have shown a negative relationship between suicide rate and the amount of lithium naturally present in public water supplies.

In Texas, an inverse relationship was observed between lithium in drinking water and crime, particularly violent crime.

A study conducted in North Carolina suggested a negative  relationship between community drinking water lithium content and mental hospital admission rates.

Double-blind clinical studies have shown trace lithium to be mildly effective in improving the mood of drug users undergoing withdrawal.

Research has shown that lithium reduces violence of incarcerated criminals, retards the development of senile dementia, increases brain mass, and enhances longevity in man and other animals.

If all these benefits were attributable to an element such as calcium, which as a carbonate mainly accounts for the hardness of water, most people would likely support its addition to public water supplies.

However, lithium is widely known as an anti-mania drug capable of reducing the demented to a condition of docility. Naturally, therefore, calls for lithium supplementation of drinking water are interpreted by many as evidence of a plot to reduce the population to a condition of docile servility.

What is not generally recognized is that the potential benefits of lithium to the population at large are attributed to amounts of the element in the range of 50 to 100 millionths of a gram per day, whereas a therapeutic dose of lithium for the treatment of mania is several thousand times as much, and close to the threshold for toxicity.

But if trace amounts of lithium represent no hazard to the public, their addition to the water supply is nevertheless questionable in the present state of knowledge, despite the potential benefits.

Research in this field will not be undertaken by the pharmaceutical industry because lithium cannot be patented. What is needed, therefore, is a broad-ranging program of publicly funded research to evaluate claims that have been made concerning the role of lithium in human nutrition and health.

In the meantime, those interested in experimenting with lithium as a nutritional supplement can drink lithium-rich mineral waters such as Catalan Vichy (1.3 mg of lithium per liter), enjoyed by the Romans more than two thousand years ago or San Pellegrino water (0.2 mg of lithium per liter), likely available at a grocery store near you.
 
See also:

Medically Induced Mental Illness

Magnesium and Madness: Is a Mineral Deficiency Responsible for the Western Epidemic of Mental Illness?