The most fundamental issue in philosophy is, was, and always will be, how do we know what we know about the world, assuming that we know anything about the world at all. The question is sometimes referred to as "the Problem of Knowledge," and the study of that question is known to philosophers as epistemology.
To most people, the question is hard to understand. Obviously we know a lot about the world: what we were taught in school, what we've read in books or newspapers, what we've seen on TV or on the Internet.